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121 date
1. n1) дата, число2) время, период, срок3) амер. тот же день•- keep smth. up to date- bring smth. up to date- key date- bring smb. up to date- keep smb. up to date2. vпроставлять дату, датировать, ставить число; указывать время и место -
122 стадия стади·я
stage, phaseвступить в новую стадию — to enter / to move into a new stage
заключительная стадия переговоров — final / closing stage of negotiations
начальная стадия — early / initial stage
подготовительная стадия — preparatory / preliminary stage
промежуточная стадия — intermediate stage, intermediary
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123 date
1. n дата, число, деньup to the date when — до того дня, когда
2. n время и местоup to date — до настоящего времени, до сих пор
3. n время; срок, период; пора; эпохаthe date of youth — юные годы, пора молодости
purge date — дата "чистки"; дата истечения срока хранения
4. n возраст5. n вчт. продолжительность, период6. n амер. тот же деньtarget date — намеченная дата, намеченный день
closing date — последний день; последний срок
7. n газетыthe latest dates — последние газеты, последние выпуски газет
8. n арх. пора; конец9. v проставлять дату, датировать, ставить число; указывать время и место10. v иметь дату, датироваться; содержать указание времени и местаcolophon date — дата, приведенная в выходных сведениях
11. v датировать, относить к определённому времени, возводить к определённой эпохе12. v датироваться, относиться к определённому времени, восходить к определённой эпохеthe monument dates back to the time of … — памятник восходит ко времени …
13. v считать, исчислять14. v считаться, исчисляться15. v устареть16. n разг. свидание, встреча17. n разг. человек, с которым назначено свидание18. v разг. назначать свидание19. n финикСинонимический ряд:1. appointment (noun) appointment; assignation; call; engagement; interview; rendezvous; tryst; visit2. companion (noun) companion; escort; partner3. period (noun) period; season; time4. period of time (noun) age; course; day; epoch; era; period of time; span; spell; term5. accompany (verb) accompany; court; go out with6. register (verb) appoint; determine; mark; measure; register7. see (verb) escort; see; take out -
124 finish
1. n конец, окончание2. n законченность, завершённость; совершенствоto lack finish — быть неотделанным; быть далёким от совершенства
3. n завершающаяся деталь4. n тех. отделка, доводка; полировка; чистовая обработка5. n текст. аппретура6. n чистота поверхности7. n сл. место, где заканчиваются ночные кутежи8. n с. -х. финиш; последняя фаза откормаlunge finish — финиш «выпадом»
9. v кончать, заканчивать; завершатьyou will finish by breaking your neck — дело кончится тем, что вы сломаете себе шею
10. v заканчиваться, кончаться11. v отделывать; сглаживать; выравнивать12. v доводить до совершенства13. v полировать, отделывать начисто14. v разг. прикончить, убить; погубить15. v разг. до крайности изнурить16. v разг. покончить; больше не нуждаться17. v разг. покончить; порвать связьI must finish my work before I go home — я должен прежде кончить работу, а уж потом идти домой
18. v разг. завершить образование, воспитание19. v разг. спорт. финишировать20. v разг. с. -х. завершать откормСинонимический ряд:1. acquirement (noun) accomplishment; achievement; acquirement; acquisition; attainment2. coating (noun) coating; lacquer; surface; veneer3. end (noun) cease; cessation; close; closing; closure; completion; conclusion; consummation; desistance; desuetude; discontinuance; discontinuation; end; ending; finale; last; period; stop; termination; terminus; windup; wrap-up4. polish (noun) burnish; elegance; polish; refinement; shine5. accomplish (verb) accomplish; do; execute; perform6. achieve (verb) achieve; consummate; fulfill7. coat (verb) coat; glaze; varnish8. conclude (verb) cease; close; complete; conclude; determine; discontinue; end; halt; stop; terminate; ultimate; wind up; wrap up9. destroy (verb) destroy; eradicate; exterminate10. kill (verb) assassinate; carry off; cool; cut off; dispatch; do in; down; kill; knock off; lay low; liquidate; murder; put away; rub out; scrag; slay; take off11. place (verb) come in; place; run12. spend (verb) consume; deplete; drain; eat up; exhaust; expend; go; play out; run through; spend; use up; wash up13. total (verb) demolish; dynamite; ruin; shatter; sink; smash; torpedo; total; undo; wrack; wreck14. wax (verb) polish; stain; waxАнтонимический ряд:base; begin; beginning; botch; commence; create; fail; initiation; mar; origin; originate; source; start -
125 в данное время
1. for the time beingсторожевой таймер; контрольное реле времени — watchdog timer
показывать время; показывать, который час — to tell the time
2. at presentдо настоящего времени, и по сию пору — to the present day
события, совпадающие во времени — events that coincide
3. currently4. at the moment -
126 The days of the week
Note that French uses lower-case letters for the names of days ; also, French speakers normally count the week as starting on Monday.Write the names of days in full ; do not abbreviate as in English (Tues, Sat and so on). The French only abbreviate in printed calendars, diaries etc.Monday= lundiTuesday= mardiWednesday= mercrediThursday= jeudiFriday= vendrediSaturday= samediSunday= dimancheWhat day is it?(Lundi in this note stands for any day ; they all work the same way ; for more information on dates in French ⇒ Date.)what day is it?= quel jour sommes-nous? or (very informally) on est quel jour?it is Monday= nous sommes lunditoday is Monday= c’est lundi aujourd’huiNote the use of French le for regular occurrences, and no article for single ones. (Remember: do not translate on.)on Monday= lundion Monday, we’re going to the zoo= lundi, on va au zooI’ll see you on Monday morning= je te verrai lundi matinbuton Mondays= le lundion Mondays, we go to the zoo= le lundi, on va au zooI see her on Monday mornings= je la vois le lundi matinSpecific daysMonday afternoon= lundi après-midione Monday evening= un lundi soirthat Monday morning= ce lundi matin-làlast Monday night= la nuit de lundi dernier or (if evening) lundi dernier dans la soiréeearly on Monday= lundi matin de bonne heurelate on Monday= lundi soir tardthis Monday= ce lundithat Monday= ce lundi-làthat very Monday= précisément ce lundi-làlast Monday= lundi derniernext Monday= lundi prochainthe Monday before last= l’autre lundia month from Monday= dans un mois lundiin a month from last Monday= dans un mois à dater de lundi dernierfinish it by Monday= termine-le avant lundifrom Monday on= à partir de lundiRegular eventsevery Monday= tous les lundiseach Monday= chaque lundievery other Monday= un lundi sur deuxevery third Monday= un lundi sur troisSometimesmost Mondays= presque tous les lundissome Mondays= certains lundison the second Monday in the month= le deuxième lundi de chaque moisthe odd Monday or the occasional Monday= le lundi de temps en tempsHappening etc. on that dayMonday’s paper= le journal de lundi or de ce lundithe Monday papers= les journaux du lundiMonday flights= les vols du lundithe Monday flight= le vol du lundiMonday closing (of shops)= la fermeture du lundiMonday’s classes= les cours de lundi or de ce lundiMonday classes= les cours du lundiMonday trains= les trains du lundi -
127 Charles, Jacques Alexandre César
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 12 November 1746 Beaugency, Franced. 7 April 1823 Paris, France[br]French physicist who developed the first hydrogen balloon, in 1783.[br]In 1783, following the early experiments with small hot-air balloons by the Montgolfier brothers, there was a growing interest in the prospect of a balloon flight with people on board. The Paris Académie des Sciences encouraged one of their physicists, Charles, to carry out experiments and produce a balloon. Charles enlisted the assistance of two brothers, Anne-Jean and Marie-Noël Robert, who were practical craftsmen with experience of coating silk fabric with rubber to make it impermeable to gases. Charles decided to use the recently discovered lighter-than-air gas, hydrogen, for his experiments rather than hot air. After making several unmanned balloons, he had a manned balloon ready for testing on 1 December 1783. Despite the fact that a Montgolfier balloon had already flown with two passengers, there was enormous public interest in the flight: one estimate suggested that 400,000 people turned out to watch. Charles and Marie-Noël Robert ascended from the gardens of the Tuileries and landed after two hours, having covered 45 km (28 miles). Technically the "Charlière" was far superior to the "Montgolfière" and was therefore used by most subsequent balloonists until the introduction of the modern hot-air balloon by the American Paul E. Yost in the 1960s. Following Meusnier's proposals for a dirigible (steerable) balloon, put forward during 1783–5, Charles and the Robert brothers built an elongated balloon incorporating Meusnier's ballonnet principle. It had a rudder but the method of propulsion, by opening and closing parasols used as paddles, was totally ineffective.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the Académie des Sciences 1795.Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1966, The Aeronauts, London. C.Dollfus, 1961, Balloons, trans. C.Mason, London. J.B.F.Fourier, 1825, Notice.JDSBiographical history of technology > Charles, Jacques Alexandre César
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128 Gatling, Dr Richard Jordan
[br]b. 12 September 1818 Winston, North Carolina, USAd. 26 February 1903 New York, USA[br]American weapons designer and metallurgist.[br]Gatling first became interested in inventing when helping his father develop more-efficient agricultural machines, and as early as 1839 he developed a screw propeller for ships. Shortly after this he was struck down by smallpox, and it was this that caused him, when he recovered, to study medicine; he did this at the Ohio Medical College, graduating in 1850. The outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 triggered an immediate interest in weaponry and he set about designing a rapid-fire weapon, which would both bear his name and be one of the forerunners of the machine gun: he completed his design of the Gatling Gun in 1862. His concept of using several barrels was not unique, with other inventors such as the Belgian Fafschamps and the Frenchman Reffye also employing it. However, Catling's gun was superior to the others in the soundness of its engineering. The rounds were fed through a hopper on top of the gun into the chambers of each barrel, and the barrels themselves were fixed in a cluster. An endless screw operated by a hand crank controlled the operation, opening the breech of each barrel in turn, enabling the round to drop into the chamber through a series of grooves, and then closing the breech and releasing the striker. In the face of fierce competition, the Gatling was adopted by the US Army in 1866, and many other armies followed suit. Although a version powered by an electric motor was introduced in 1893, the Gatling was gradually superseded by the fully automatic machine gun, first developed by Maxim. Even so, such was the excellence of the Gatling's mechanics that the concept was readopted by the Americans in the late 1950s and employed in such systems as the Vulcan air-defence gun and the airborne Minigun. Gatling's inventions did not end with his gun. In 1886 he developed a new steel and aluminium alloy and also experimented with the production of cast-steel cannon.CMBiographical history of technology > Gatling, Dr Richard Jordan
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